B7-H7 Immune Checkpoint Molecule for Drug Development

Immune Checkpoint B7-H7

B7-H7, also known as HHLA2, is the newest member of the most recently discovered B7 family with the receptor CD28H (TMIGD2 or IGPR1). Compared to other B7 proteins, it shares 10-18% amino acid identity and 23-33% similarity. The gene of B7-H7 has an open reading frame (ORF) of 414 amino acids with three immunoglobulin-like domains (IgV-IgC-IgV), and the first IgV domain shows the highest homology to other B7 family members. Besides, B7-H7 is the only B7 family member found in humans but not in mice.

Table.1 Immune checkpoint B7-H7.

Checkpoint receptor	Alternate name	Structure	Putative receptors	Expression	Role in T/NK Cell responses
B7-H7	HHLA2	IgV-IgC-IgV	CD28H (TMIGD2, TNFRSF14)	Immune cells and tumor	Activation/Inhibition

Expression of B7-H7

B7-H7 is widely expressed on macrophages and activated dendritic cells, while CD28H is expressed on naive T cells, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), and a subset of memory T cells. Studies have shown that B7-H7 is highly expressed in different human cancers, such as breast cancer, ovary cancer, liver cancer, melanoma, and osteosarcoma. According to its receptor, B7-H7 presents both the irritant or inhibitory states, which indicates that there are other receptors besides CD28H.

Function of B7-H7

The role of the B7-H7-CD28H pathway is controversial. The initial studies showed that B7-H7 inhibits both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell proliferation. The recent research found that the B7-H7-CD28H pathway strongly promoted T cell growth and cytokine production in an Akt-dependent manner.

Preclinical and Clinical Development of Drugs Targeting B7-H7

The expression of B7-H7 in tumors protects tumors from immune surveillance and promotes tumor angiogenesis. In this case, the immuno-therapies targeting B7-H7 present great potentials to both enhance antitumor immune responses and inhibit tumor angiogenesis. There is currently no report on drug development for this target, so it also has a potential market value.

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